CHARLES MARTEL:  At the Battle of Tours in AD 732, Charles Martel, called the 'Hammer' and the Frankish Army met the host of Islam in battle and defeated them, thus preventing Islam from spreading throughout Europe.

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CHARLEMAGNE:   In AD 800 Charles (son of Pepin) was made Emperor of The "Holy Roman Empire" by the Pope. This crowning took place on Christmas day AD 800.   He was known as Charlemagne, or commonly as Charles the Great. He succeeded in securing for the people of western Europe this invaluable triple blessing of   (1)  law and order  (2)  civilization, and (3)  Christianity.  

This was the beginning of the great controversy over the role of church and state.

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The great schism which occurred in the church in AD 1054 was really caused by debate over the "Western Trinity" and the "Eastern Trinity."  There were also other minor issues:

+  The Western Church spoke Latin and believed in icons.

+  The Eastern Church spoke Greek and did not believe in icons.

Thus, the church divided into two parts, one loyal to Rome in the West and the other to Constantinople in the East.

BY AD 1073, THE TURKS CONTROLLED ALL OF THE LAND OF PALESTINE.

AD 1096 - 1291 The Crusades The Crusades were born when Pope Urban expressed in a speech his desire to see the infidels driven out of the Holy Land. - Urban 11  Proclaims  the  First Crusade

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Crusaders on  the  March

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Godfrey of Bouillon,  Raymond 1V of Toulouse,  Bohemond of Tarentum,  and Tancred of Hauteville  lead the first Crusade, 1096-1099

THE CRUSADES:    The Crusades failed because:   (1)  The Crusaders had no sea power to aid their flight   (2)  There was no unity in Europe  (3)   Christianity itself was divided THE CRUSADES WERE A POPULAR MOVEMENT FOR 200 YEARS, AND WERE ULTIMATELY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE RENAISSANCE.  (Age of enlightenment after the Dark Ages)